Elementi kreditne politike prema vizantijskim zakonima VII i VIII veka (Ekloga, Zemljoradnički zakon i Pomorski zakon)

U ovom radu autor nas upoznaje sa elementima kreditne politike koja je važila u Vizantijskom carstvu tokom VII i VIII veka. Kreditna politika data je kroz zakonske tekstove Ekloge, Zemljoradničkog zakona i Pomorskog zakona. Stvaranje kreditne politike predstavljalo je jedan od nezaobilaznih segmenata razvoja privrednog života Carstva ovog doba. U radu su dati neki instituti kreditne politike. To su: zaloga, založni krediti, hipoteka, antihreza, pozajmica novca. Autor na kraju rada zaključuje da ovi zakoni zadržavaju kontinuitet u razvoju kreditnih odnosa sa rimskim pravom. Posamtrano u globalu kreditna politika u ova tri zakona nije se mnogo promenila u odnosu na Justinijanovu Kodifikaciju

THE SCOPE AND STRUCTURE OF THE INCENTIVES IN AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA

The aim of the paper is to point out the scope and structure of the incentives from the agricultural budget of the Republic, as well as from the IPA Fund which are intended for the agricultural and rural development sector in Serbia. It is given a brief overview of the chronology of harmonization of national legislation in the field of agricultural production with European rules, the plan for realization of IPARD funds for the period 2014-2020, as well as a review of incentives from the agricultural budget for the period 2016-2019. For supporting the agriculture and rural development sector of Serbia within the IPARD measures, from the EU budget is intended EUR 175 mln., and from the national budget is intended EUR 55 mln. The largest amount of funds within the IPARD measures is planned for investments in the physical assets of agricultural holdings (43%). Something less contribution is scheduled for the investments in processing and marketing in agricultural holdings (37%). The left over measures include only 19% of the planned funds intended to support agricultural holdings within the IPARD assistance program. On the other hand, an analysis of the incentive structure from the Republic's agrarian budget indicates that the largest share has direct payments of over 50%, while the rural development measures are average financed with 12.3%

Strateško planiranje održivog razvoja poljoprivrede i ruralnih područja u Srbiji

Razvoj ruralnih područja usko je povezan sa razvojem poljoprivrede i prerade poljoprivrednih proizvoda, p a j e poljoprivredna proizvodnja tradicionalno najvažniji sektor ruralne ekonomije i osnovni izvor prihoda seoskog stanovništva. Shodno tome, neophodne su investicije u razvoj mikropreduzeća u oblasti prerade poljoprivrednih proizvoda, kao i podizanje vrednosti proizvoda dobijanjem oznaka geografskog porekla. Investiranjem u pomenute aktivnosti unapredila bi se konkurentnost poljoprivrednih gazdinstava na tržištu, povećanjem prihoda gazdinstava unapredio bi se njihov ekonomski položaj, čime bi se omogućio bolji kvalitet života u ruralnim područjima i smanjenje stope depopulacije ruralnih predela. Uslovi koji bi doprineli zapošljavanju ruralnog stanovništva su jačanje preduzetništva i razvoj mikropreduzeća. Da bi se unapredila konkurentnost poljoprivrednog sektora i podstakao ruralni razvoj u Srbiji neophodna je realizacija adekvatnih strateških mera i projekata na planu unapređenja ljudskog potencijala. Aktivnosti na ovom planu uključuju pre svega, veću povezanost nauke i prakse preko reorganizovanih poljoprivrednih stanica, savetodavne službe, matične službe, zemljoradničkih zadruga i drugih udruženja poljoprivrednika; razvoj i implementaciju novih znanja i veština poljoprivrednika kroz savete, obuke, seminare, kurseve; podršku mladim poljoprivrednicima u modernizaciji gazdinstva. Svi projekti u ovoj oblasti moraju bazirati na adekvatnoj državnoj podršci (finansijskoj, savetodavnoj, logističkoj) i koordiniranim aktivnostima javnog i privatnog sektora. Vizija za poljoprivredu podrazumeva razvoj propulzivnije i konkurentnije poljoprivrede sastavljene od komercijalnih i porodičnih gazdinstava koja se bave isključivo poljoprivredom i/ili se bave poljoprivredom u smislu dodatnog izvora prihoda. Međutim, željena budućnost u ovoj oblasti se neće destiti sama po sebi ili zato što to neko žarko želi! Željena budućnost i ostvarenje strateških ciljeva Republike Srbije u okviru dunavskog regiona zahtevaju trenutnu akciju. Budućnost ekonomske vitalnosti lokalnih zajednica u manjem stepenu je funkcija raspoloživih resursa i geografskog položaja, a v iše j akog l iderstva i efikasne strategije. Monografija predstavlja deo rezultata istraživanja na projektu 46006 “Održiva poljoprivreda i ruralni razvoj u funkciji ostvarivanja strateških ciljeva Republike Srbije u okviru dunavskog regiona” finansiranog od strane Ministarstva prosvete, nauke i tehnološkog razvoja Republike Srbije. Želimo da se zahvalimo Ministarstvu prosvete, nauke i tehnološkog razvoja Republike Srbije, koje je, pored istraživačkog rada, finansiralo i štampanje monografije

Multi-objective fuzzy optimization of sizing and location of piezoelectric actuators and sensors

Ovaj rad predstavlja višeciljnu fazi optimizaciju veličine i položaja piezoelektričnih aktuatora i senzora na tankozidu kompozitnu gredu za aktivno upravljanje vibracija koristeći stepen upravljivosti (DC) kontrolisanih modova kao kriterijum optimizacije. Proces optimizacije je izvršen uz ograničenje promene prvobitnih dinamičkih karakteristika, uključujući ograničenje u porastu mase, upotrebljavajući ili zanemarujući ograničenja stepena upravljivosti rezidualnih modova za redukciju 'spillover' efekta. Pseudociljne funkcije izvedene na bazi teorije fazi skupova na jedinstven način definišu globalne funkcije cilja eliminišući upotrebu kaznenih funkcija. Problem je definisan upotrebom metode konačnih elemenata bazirane na 'TSD' teoriji. 'Particle Swarm' optimizacija je upotrebljena za nalaženje optimalne konfiguracije. Nekoliko numeričkih primera je prikazano za slučaj konzole.This paper presents the multi-objective fuzzy optimization of sizing and location of piezoelectric actuators and sensors on the thin-walled composite beam for active vibration control, using the degree of controllability (DC) for controlled modes as optimization criteria. The optimization process is performed constraining the original dynamics properties change including the limitation of increase of the mass, using or neglecting the limitation in degrees of controllability for residual modes for reduction spillover effect. Pseudogoal functions derived on the fuzzy set theory gives a unique expression for global objective functions eliminating the use of penalty functions. The problem is formulated using the finite element method based on the third-order shear deformation theory. The particle swarm optimization technique is used to find optimal configuration. Several numerical examples are presented for the cantilever beam

Agricultural Production in the Republic of Serbia With Emphasis on the Situation in Nisava District

The main characteristics of the Serbian economy is relatively large percentage share of agriculture in the national economy compared to other countries in Eastern and Southern Europe, the slow implementation of the necessary land reforms and delay implementation of the law on restitution. These are just some of the elements that a lot of influence on agricultural production in Serbia. The country is through the agricultural policy in recent years wanted to have an impact on changes in the volume of production. The authors believe that agricultural production must be organized in a modern way, which means that such production requires labor productivity, which is at the industry level. This attitude is quite acceptable if one bears in mind that modern agriculture has to have intensive capital ie. She must have big capital. He just looks at the efficiency of agriculture over the achieved level of productivity, which is viewed through the ratio of the number of employees and the volume of arable land. What is reality is that productivity is low in both sectors. Low productivity of individual farms can be explained by the fact that it is burdened with a series of aggravating circumstances. Some of them are to be placed on the limited possession and work on it all household members. At the end, the authors have made a study on the state of agricultural production in Nisava district. The aim of the research is to analyze the results of the state in agricultural production

Consumer behavior related to buying wines on the retail market in the City of Niš

The subject matter of the paper is research in consumer behavior in connection with the purchase of wines of both domestic and foreign brands on the market of the City of Niš. The paper is structured so as to perceive the issue from several aspects. In the first place, our wish was to determine whether the respondents are regular wine consumers, and which sorts of wine they consume, and how many of them are not wine regular consumers. An effort was made to determine consumer habits via survey research. The examination method that implied personal examination using a questionnaire was applied. The suitable sample included 230 respondents from the territory of the City of Niš. The research was conducted in November 2019. While processing the data, it was noticed that a larger number of the respondents were regular wine consumers, namely consuming specific brands. The respondents mainly preferred domestic producers’ wines. The results obtained can be observed at the level of the strategic marketing of the offering companies. The research study provides an insight in connection with the different aspects of the consumer behavior of those who consume wine, both at the general level and in connection with the choice of brands

Analysis of EU Common Agricultural Policy

The authors are specific attention to the development of the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union. The Common Agricultural Policy is viewed from the sixties of the twentieth century. It starts from Mansholt plan continues with expansions in 1973, 1981 and in 1986 years to finally come to the first reform of the CAP advocated by the then Commissioner for Agriculture MacSharry. The reform was carried out according to the proposal MacSharry only increase the cost of the CAP and has led to new reforms contained in the Agenda 2000th. During the 2003rd and the 2006th year has come again to reform the CAP. The very need for such frequent reforms, especially in the last twenty years lets us know that the importance of the CAP in the agricultural development of the European Union's big. It could be said that there was no CAP there would be no EU. Almost all agricultural activities in the EU are covered by the CAP. Subsidies are an essential tool for CAP. The Common Agricultural Policy could hardly function without import restrictions and export subsidies, various supplements and restrictions

Third-order transport coefficients for electrons in N2 and CF4: effects of non-conservative collisions, concurrence with diffusion coefficients and contribution to the spatial profile of the swarm

Using a multi-term solution of the Boltzmann equation and Monte Carlo simulation technique we study behaviour of the third-order transport coefficients for electrons in model gases, including the ionisation model of Lucas and Saelee and modified Ness-Robson model of electron attachment, and in real gases, including N2 and CF4. We observe negative values in the E/n 0-profiles of the longitudinal and transverse third-order transport coefficients for electrons in CF4 (where E is the electric field and n 0 is the gas number density). While negative values of the longitudinal third-order transport coefficients are caused by the presence of rapidly increasing cross sections for vibrational excitations of CF4, the transverse third-order transport coefficient becomes negative over the E/n 0-values after the occurrence of negative differential conductivity. The discrepancy between the two-term approximation and the full multi-term solution of the Boltzmann equation is investigated for electrons in N2 and CF4. While the accuracy of the two-term approximation is sufficient to investigate the behaviour of the third-order transport coefficients in N2, it produces large errors and is not even qualitatively correct for electrons in CF4. The influence of implicit and explicit effects of electron attachment and ionisation on the third-order transport tensor is investigated. In particular, we discuss the effects of attachment heating and attachment cooling on the third-order transport coefficients for electrons in the modified Ness-Robson model, while the effects of ionisation are studied for electrons in the ionisation model of Lucas and Saelee, N2 and CF4. The concurrence between the third-order transport coefficients and the components of the diffusion tensor, and the contribution of the longitudinal component of the third-order transport tensor to the spatial profile of the swarm are also investigated. For electrons in CF4 and CH4, we found that the contribution of the component of the third-order transport tensor to the spatial profile of the swarm between approximately 50 Td and 700 Td, is almost identical to the corresponding contribution for electrons in N2. This suggests that the recent measurements of third-order transport coefficients for electrons in N2 may be extended and generalized to other gases, such as CF4 and CH4

The importance of research and development for innovative activity: the overview of the top countries in Europe and worldwide

In the conditions of economic globalization and a dynamic business environment, companies need to continuously improve and innovate their business, in order to avoid complex and fierce competition and to achieve long-term and sustainable success. Due to the intensive effect of technical and technological progress, the survival and success of the company on the market depends on the introduction of innovative changes in the company and the undertaking of research and development activities. Research and development activities are a crucial factor in generating knowledge, creating patents and innovations, as well as in the increasing of profitability in the business of modern companies. Research and development (R&D) and innovations are considered to be a cornerstone of competitive advantage. The object of this paper is to point out the vital importance that R&D has for innovativeness, i.e. for performing innovative activities at the level of European countries and worldwide

RAZVOJ, ULOGA I CILJEVI KONSALTINGA U PROCESU TRANZICIJE U SRBIJI

Opstanak i razvoj podrazumevaju ulaganje napora u reevaluaciju i ponovnu afirmaciju konkurentnih prednosti preduzeća i njihovih pozicija na tržištu. Da bi to postigle, i velike i poznatije firme svetskog glasa na razvijenom tržištu Evrope unajmljuju poznate konsultantske kuće u ispomoć, izdvajajući za to znatna sredstva. Tim putem neminovno je morala da krene i srpska privreda, jer je to jedini put koji je vodi priključenju privredi evropske zajednice, a to znači opstanku, stabilizaciji i razvoju. Osim potrebe za konsalting aktivnostima iz oblasti u kojima menadžeri nisu dovoljno stručni, konsultanti se mogu angažovati za jednokratne i dopunske, ali veoma osetljive poslovne aktivnosti kao što su uvođenje novog proizvoda, prodor na inostrano tržište ili borba sa agresivnom konkurencijom. Istovremeno, pomoć konsultantskih organizacija može biti potrebna u situaciji kada je menadžment kompanije opterećen brojnim aktivnostima, što je slučaj kod diversifikovanih preduzeća, kada postojeći realni menadžment kapaciteti ne obezbeđuju simultanu optimizaciju poslovnih aktivnosti. Budući da je partnerstvo bazičan princip modernog konsaltinga, pokazaće se da konsultantske organizacije sa aktivnim učešćem klijenata daju najbolje rezultate u praksi